![]() Given the failure of national reconciliation processes, based exclusively on political or civil figures who have little leverage over those who have real territorial control in the country, many argued that a progressive involvement of armed groups in the negotiations was necessary. Libya now appears as a patchy composition of hundreds of militias, mainly allied, yet not exclusively, into two coalitions: the first surrounding the Government of National Accord led by Fayez al-Sarraj (wanted by the United Nations) the second surrounding field marshal Khalifa Haftar and the parliament in Tobruk. militarists / nationalists), and, above all, because of the disruptive role of international actors (including Europeans), who, in an attempt to have influence on the country, have favoured an internal group at the expense of another. The reasons behind these failed attempts are complex and largely due to Libya’s multiple identities (regionalism, localism, tribalism), its progressive political polarization following the failure of the Arab Spring (Islamists vs. It seems almost useless to recall how the attempts to re-establish Libya’s internal framework in the post-Gaddafi phase have failed to contribute significantly to the pacification, unification and socio-political and institutional consolidation of the country. Libya’s failed reconstruction efforts and the role of the militias ![]() This presents a situation in which illicit trafficking throughout the country – including that of human beings – can proliferate and consolidate.įaced with the difficulty of rebuilding state institutions in Libya, the time has come to question whether the whole political process should be rethought, especially in regard to the actors who have often been excluded or (at least formally) marginalised: the militias. Leaders change, alliances change, but state institutions remain weak, confined to a small part of the region and sometimes divided between the Eastern and Western parts of the country, while sub-national affiliations continue to prevail over and prevent the rebuilding of a new legitimacy and national identity. Almost seven years have now passed since the fall of Gaddafi’s regime, which has given rise to a situation of “organised chaos” in Libya.
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